Sick people

Biochemical analysis of blood helps to diagnose, determine the stage of disease and prescribe treatment. Blood samples taken from a vein.
This procedure should come in the morning on an empty stomach. If you do not comply with this condition, the physician-biochemist simply can not correctly identify the necessary indicators.
What did they say the mysterious figures and clever names for your analysis?

n Glucose
This is the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. Normally, its content in the blood ranges from 3,3 to 5,5 mg / dL.
Lowering blood glucose is most often in diabetic patients with an overdose of insulin. In healthy people, it is sometimes reduced if people have not eaten, and after taking large doses of alcohol. Glucose levels can be lowered and in some endocrine disorders, impaired liver function.
Sometimes the blood sugar level falls below normal when taking some medicines, such as brand name viagra aspirin, sulfonamides. Increasing the level of glucose occurs in diabetes. Sometimes a leap of this indicator can be in the first hours of stroke, heart attack, trauma, infection, pancreatitis. Physical exercise may also help to increase blood sugar levels. Therefore, before taking the analysis is better to give up morning exercises. Raise the level of glucose and some medications, especially hormones for the treatment of bronchial asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
If glucose is slightly elevated, in order to figure out sick people with diabetes or not, the doctor may recommend additional research.

n Total protein
The norm of the total protein - 65-85 g / l for people over 60 years - from 60 to 80 grams per liter. Protein level decreases with inhibition of the liver, kidneys, malnutrition, prolonged inflammatory diseases. Increased levels of total protein can be observed in some diseases of the blood in conditions and diseases, accompanied by dehydration.
For a more accurate diagnosis of disease determine the protein fraction, which includes albumin and globulin.

n Albumins
Are among the most important proteins of blood plasma. Normally, they contain not less than 54%. Fall in the level of albumin may indicate severe liver disease, kidney disease. Typically, this index decreased in diabetes, severe allergies, starvation, burns, suppurative processes.

n gamma globulin
In the norm of 12 to 22%. Increased gamma globulin indicates the presence in the body of infection and inflammation, the reduction may indicate an immune deficiency.

n Alpha-globulins
These proteins must be contained in blood from 2 to 5%. Increase their level observed at all acute inflammatory processes.
n Alpha-2-globulins
In healthy people, contains from 7 to 13% alpha-2-globulins. Their level may increase during inflammation, as well as in some tumors and kidney disease. Indicator of alpha-2-globulins may decrease with pancreatitis and diabetes.

n Beta-globulins
Beta-globulin in the blood from 8 to 15%. Change in their number is usually observed in disorders of fat metabolism.

n C-reactive protein
In a normal C-reactive protein is almost not detectable. However, the inflammation of various nature and localization, infections, tumors, its content increases. The greatest value of this indicator has rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis. It can help you determine the severity of the illness and treatment efficacy.

n Alpha-fetoprotein
This protein is also normally absent. Its presence may indicate liver disease, tumors. However, pregnant women do not worry: the presence of alpha-fetoprotein is perfectly normal for their condition. For each gestational age has its own rate of this indicator. The level of alpha-fetoprotein can indirectly judge the presence of fetal Biochemical hooliganism congenital malformations, therefore it must define a new moms.

n Bilirubin
Bilirubin shows how the liver. Increased total bilirubin - a symptom of jaundice, hepatitis, and complications of cholelithiasis, excessive destruction of red blood cells. High numbers of bilirubin may occur after 24-48 hours of fasting, as well as long-term low-calorie diet. Total bilirubin level should not exceed 20.5 mg / dL. If, however, increases the content of bound bilirubin, the most likely diseased liver.

n blood enzymes
Blood enzymes are involved in all biochemical reactions. Almost all of them are inside the cell and occur only when the damage and destruction of cells. Change their activity occurs much earlier than many other signs of illness. And it makes such analysis is very delicate and accurate diagnostic tool.
The content of the enzymes ALAT and ASAT increased when there is destruction, the collapse of cells.
It can increase in the use of certain drugs: tetracyclines, paracetamol. Norms ALAT and ASAT in different laboratories differ. Therefore it is usually normal values in brackets affix to the right of the result analysis.
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) - an enzyme involved in the reactions of energy. In the highest number he found in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. Determination of maize - a very sensitive method of early diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Increased CPK can also be an indicator of muscle damage in trauma and diseases of the muscle tissue.
On diseases of the pancreas usually indicates improved amylase. In a normal amount of amylase in blood is very slightly - from 0.8 to 3.2 IU / liter. This figure usually rises in acute pancreatitis, and obstruction of pancreatic duct tumor, stones, spikes. Sometimes the level of amylase jumps in renal failure. A reduction of amylase in the blood may be indicative of hepatitis, increased levels of thyroid hormones or the late toxicosis of pregnancy.

n Uric acid
In a normal amount of uric acid in women ranges from 0,15 to 0,45 mg / dL. In healthy people, its level in blood and urine can be increased with a high content of purines in foods and the decline in the diet rich in carbohydrates and fats. Elevated levels of uric acid occurs in gout, leukemia, acute infections, liver disease, severe diabetes, chronic eczema, psoriasis, and kidney diseases.

n Cholesterol
Normally, cholesterol must be free from 3,6 to 6,7 mg / dL. Without it the formation of sexual and other hormones, vitamin D, bile acids. The main source of cholesterol is the food. But it can be synthesized in the body - the liver and intestine. High blood cholesterol leads to atherosclerosis, which are the unfortunate consequences of heart attacks and strokes.
Cholesterol levels also increased in diabetes, chronic kidney disease, with alcoholism, decreasing thyroid function, meningitis, and hereditary diseases. And with an increase in thyroid function, exhaustion, congestive heart failure, acute infectious diseases, tuberculosis, acute pancreatitis, severe liver disease, certain types of anemia, cholesterol is less than the norm.

n Beta-lipoproteins
Normally the blood contains from 1,3 to 5,4 mmol / l beta-lipoprotein. If the index is less than it says on the hepatic dysfunction may occur in alcoholism, pregnancy. Elevated levels indicate atherosclerosis and metabolic fat. The content of beta-lipoprotein and increases in diabetes.

n Triglycerides
Triglyceride level reflects a predisposition to atherosclerosis. In women, this figure is usually lower than men's. For women aged 30 to 40 years, it is normally from 0.43 to 1.81 mg / dL. The level of triglycerides can be judged on the peculiarities of nutrition. He could be increased by consumption of large amounts of animal fats and decreases with a vegetarian diet. The high figures are typical for some of renal disease, reduced thyroid function and alcoholism.

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Meningitis

Chlamydia

Recently, the word chlamydia occur more often, and the phrase "flying chlamydia" and "diagnosis of chlamydia" is an essential feature pages of ads in any newspaper.
Nevertheless, the prevalence and the widespread use of these terms is not to say that at least someone from diseased plainly understands what he is sick, who are chlamydia, where they were before and where this scourge has undertaken.
For a start tell that from a chlamydia represent. So, these are microorganisms that on many properties similar to bacteria (for example, have a cell wall), but the sizes are very similar to viruses. Another very important feature of chlamydia - a human or animal they are inside the cells - just like viruses. In short, chlamydia - a unique microbes that are not viruses, not bacteria, chlamydia - chlamydia, and they have. Their most important feature - a unique way of life, a unique development cycle that has no analogue in nature - first in the large cells form immature education, do not have any infectious properties. But as it develops, it decreases by approximately a factor of 3-4, becoming infectious properties destroyed and damaged cells, leaving them affect healthy cells - and there is a specific disease.
Chlamydia - is not one of some microbes, the genus Chlamydia has more than 30 pathogens that cause a lot of variety of diseases. And people are sick of these diseases since time immemorial, simply advances Microbiology allowed, finally, to set them (diseases), the real reason. Illustrating the antiquity of Chlamydia infection, it should be noted that the typical description of ailments, apparently caused by chlamydia, are available in the Egyptian papyri of the fifteenth century BC and known for certain - Horace and Cicero suffered from chlamydia.
What disease causes chlamydia? Different. For example, psittacosis - a disease in a way brand name viagra reminiscent of pneumonia, but the cause - not known to all streptococci and staphylococci, namely, a special type of chlamydia detected in 132 species of birds - wild and very wild, domestic and intracellular (who sit in cages) very often - parrots, pigeons, ducks, chickens. With infected feces, down, feather get chlamydia in the human body - through the mouth (if not washed their hands after cleaning the chicken coop), or air-dust path. Since the disease and there.
Another common carrier of chlamydia - a cat (kitten). Infection occurs through direct contact with animal rights - through the bites and scratches. Initially, for example, just a scratch on his arm and all. Then (after a couple of weeks), increased axillary lymph nodes, the temperature rises sharply - this is a special disease Chlamydia, which is called - "cat scratch disease.
And psittacosis and cat scratch disease - so-called zoonotic chlamydiosis (the term "zooplankton" in principle is clear - the beasts to blame). But there is chlamydia antroponoznye, ie, the purely human. The most famous, the most dangerous and most prevalent disease is trachoma - a chronic eye disease that affects the conjunctiva and cornea. Many readers may not have heard such words, but trachoma is widespread in many countries in South America, Africa and Asia. The number of patients - at least 400 million, and in some years the number of blinded due to trachoma has reached 20 million people! Incidentally, in the USSR of trachoma in some regions there were many, but as a mass disease was eradicated in the late 60's and now there are only a few cases.
Three of these diseases - though common in our country, but the mass interest a wide readership not cause, because rare. Although, if Frankly, psittacosis occurs much more frequently than is diagnosed. And here's why. Fortunately, chlamydia, unlike viruses, are susceptible to antibiotics, but not all. For example, the most common antibiotics of the penicillin group (ampicillin, oxacillin) or cephalosporins (cefazolin, cephalexin) do not work for chlamydia in general, and tetracycline and erythromycin are very good. Ill attendant Aunt Masha with pneumonia, prescribed penicillin - any effect, appointed tetracycline - has recovered. We have something now understand that most likely it was psittacosis, but what a difference to Aunt Masha - Aunt Mary is not a scientist, she is not diagnosis is important, but the end result.
Nevertheless, interest in chlamydia is increasing rapidly, and the reason for that - a special variant of the disease, called urogenital chlamydia.
Urogenital chlamydia - a disease transmitted sexually, is it acute or chronic, and symptoms of its most diverse. Clearly, if we are talking about the defeat (inflammation) urinogenital, the symptoms would be appropriate - and pain when urinating and discharge, and itching, and various inflammations, detectable by ultrasound (prostate in men adnexitises women, and so etc.). But! Symptoms that can say with certainty: it is chlamydia - do not exist. An enormous amount of other microbes - from all known gonococci to mysterious ureoplazmy - can cause illness and symptoms are indistinguishable from chlamydia.
Urogenital chlamydial infection was much, if not to say very much. But it did not become greater than it was. Its just learned how to diagnose. Chlamydia generally difficult to locate and grow - it does not grow on conventional microbiological media, she filed exclusively for the growth of living cells. Therefore, to prove there is chlamydia or not - a very Viagra: two-chamber vessel long and very expensive. Now there are so-called diagnostics, capable of not growing chlamydia, and to answer two questions: is the organism Chlamydia or not is whether or not antibodies to chlamydia (ie, special cells produced by the body in response to the penetration of chlamydia).
Return to the question "was a lot." In the U.S., for example, annually establish the diagnosis of urogenital Chlamydia 3 million times, and in England - 70 000 times. How many of these patients we have - no one knows. Diagnosticums quite expensive, the domestic industry does not produce them, therefore, the diagnosis of chlamydia can be set only one who has the ability and willingness to pay for diagnosticum.
Some fundamental issues which, nevertheless, important to know.

1.
Natural (innate) immunity to chlamydia does not exist. Anyone to whom the organism Chlamydia hit has a fairly high risk of developing. Past medical history does not provide immunity - in short, can hurt plenty of times.
2.
All that you hear about ways to become infected with sexually transmitted diseases, is most directly related to chlamydia. The most similar - and symptoms, and route of infection and the consequences of the absence of proper treatment - chlamydia and gonorrhea.
3.
Many of the leading specialists in sexually transmitted disease is: if you have symptoms of acute urethritis (frequent, painful urination) and has not been detected gonococcus (Gonorrhoea) - the probability of chlamydia and 70% higher.
4.
Gonococcus and chlamydia - every now and live together, causing urethritis and other urogenital diseases, even infections often occur simultaneously.
5.
What to do to not get sick urogenital chlamydia? The surest way - to exclude sexually active, but he is regarded by many as inappropriate. But limiting the number of sexual partners, condom + - fairly reliable ways of prevention.
6.
What to do when sick: access to specialists, the number of drugs that Chlamydia can be successfully treated, is quite large.
7.
Treated the same - a waste of money. If you have a regular sexual partner - together are treated together.
8.
Quite often diagnosticums indicate the presence of chlamydia, but no clinical symptoms at the same time not. None of the medical guidelines there is no clear answer to the question: in this case do? Research in the field of Chlamydia trachomatis most actively ongoing, and the study of chlamydia included in the program priorities of the World Health Organization. Chances are, if you're not a monk (nun), treated all the same it is necessary - no signs of illness in a particular person does not give grounds to be a risk infecting others.
9.
Untreated urogenital chlamydia can cause some serious complications in both men and women, impotence in this case is rare, but often infertility.
10.
Important. Chlamydia is not a tragedy but a nuisance. Of chlamydia do not die. Chlamydia can be treated. But also their health, and doctor's recommendations should be respected - and the choice of antibiotic, and the appointment of drugs that stimulate the immune system, and duration of treatment, and prevention of recurrent infections - is not as easy as it may seem at first sight, but not so hard to tear his hair and sad to say goodbye as with life in general, and with sexuality in particular.